Method for manufacturing a dual work function semiconductor device and the semiconductor device made thereof

ABSTRACT

A method for manufacturing a dual work function device is disclosed. In one aspect, the process includes a first and second region in a substrate. The method includes forming a first transistor in the first region which has a first work function. Subsequently, a second transistor is formed in the second region having a different work function. The process of forming the first transistor includes providing a first gate dielectric stack having a first gate dielectric layer and a first gate dielectric capping layer on the first gate dielectric layer, performing a thermal treatment to modify the first gate dielectric stack, the modified first gate dielectric stack defining the first work function, providing a first metal gate electrode layer on the modified first gate dielectric stack, and patterning the first metal gate electrode layer and the modified first gate dielectric stack.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to U.S. provisional patent application 61/143,696 filed on Jan. 9, 2009, which application is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention generally relates to methods for manufacturing semiconductor devices. More particularly, this invention relates to methods for manufacturing semiconductor devices having dual work function and to semiconductor devices made thereof.

2. Description of the Related Technology

Up to now, semiconductor industry remains driven by scaling geometric dimensions of metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect-transistors (MOSFETs). With traditional MOSFET-technology, using silicon dioxide (SiO₂) as gate dielectric and polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) as gate material, a lot of problems occur when scaling down to 100 nm or below.

As the gate dielectric thickness is reduced, an exponential increase of gate direct tunnelling currents occurs. One solution to solve this problem for a 45 nm technology node and beyond is the introduction of so-called high-k dielectrics as gate dielectric. A high-k dielectric is a dielectric featuring a dielectric constant (k) higher than the dielectric constant of SiO₂, i.e. k>3.9. High-k dielectrics allow for a larger physical thickness (compared to SiO₂) for obtaining a same effective capacitance than can be obtained with a much thinner SiO₂ layer. The larger physical thickness of the high-k material reduces gate leakage currents.

For SiO₂ oxide thicknesses below 2 nm, a polysilicon (poly-Si) depletion effect starts to become dominant in the poly-Si gate. A solution to this problem is the introduction of metals as gate material. Advantages of metal gates are elimination of the polysilicon depletion effect, very low resistance, no dopant penetration possible and better compatibility with high-k gate dielectrics.

By introducing metal gates, the threshold voltage of the MOSFET becomes controlled by the metal work function. Regarding metal gate electrodes, tuning of the work function is not straightforward as a different work function is needed for NMOS than for PMOS. This requires now a (n-type) metal (replacing poly-Si) that works for nMOSFET (i.e. a work function preferably between about 3.9 eV and about 4.4 eV) and a (p-type) metal that works for pMOSFET (i.e. a work function preferably between about 4.8 eV and about 5.2 eV). Whereas the work function of a polysilicon gate electrode can be tuned by ion implantation, the work function of a metal gate electrode is a material property which cannot be changed easily.

It has been proven difficult to identify band-edge metals (metals with either a n-type or a p-type work function (WF), required for low device voltage threshold, V_(t)) that are compatible with the conventional CMOS fabrication process. CMOS can be made using dual metal gates with single or dual dielectrics. In either case, a selective removal of one of the metal gates is necessary and adds substantial complexity and costs to the manufacturing process. Moreover, after the selective removal process, the interface between the underlying dielectric layer and the metal electrode is often modified, due to the presence of undesired dangling bonds. This modification may influence the effective work function of the gate stack in an unwanted way.

A major challenge of implementing high-k gate dielectrics and metal gates in CMOS devices is the PMOS effective work function roll-off phenomena in the low equivalent oxide thickness (EOT) region. It remains difficult to achieve PMOS band-edge work functions for low EOT (i.e. below 1.5 nm).

There is a need for simplified integration schemes for high-k/metal gate semiconductor devices and more specifically for simplified dual work function semiconductor device integration schemes, for example for dual work function CMOS devices.

SUMMARY OF CERTAIN INVENTIVE ASPECTS

In certain inventive aspects, methods are disclosed to form a semiconductor device with dual work function, more specifically for example a CMOS device with dual work function, the methods providing a simplified process flow with reduced number of process steps.

One inventive aspect relates to a method for manufacturing a dual work function semiconductor device, the method comprising defining at least a first region and at least a second region in a substrate, the first region being electrically isolated from the second region. The method further comprises forming a first transistor in the first region, the first transistor having a first effective work function. The method comprises, after forming the first transistor, forming a second transistor in the second region having a second effective work function being different from the first effective work function.

The process of forming the first transistor comprises providing a first gate dielectric stack on the substrate, the first gate dielectric stack comprising a first gate dielectric layer and a first gate dielectric capping layer on and in contact with the first gate dielectric layer; thereafter performing a thermal treatment of the first gate dielectric stack so as to modify the first gate dielectric stack, the modified first gate dielectric stack defining the first effective work function; thereafter providing a first metal gate electrode layer on the modified first gate dielectric stack; patterning the first metal gate electrode layer and the modified first gate dielectric stack.

In accordance with embodiments of certain inventive aspects, the thermal treatment of the first gate dielectric stack induces intermixing of the first gate dielectric layer and the first gate dielectric capping layer.

In accordance with embodiments of certain inventive aspects, the thermal treatment comprises an annealing process. The annealing process may be performed at a temperature range in between 800 degrees Celsius and 1300 degrees Celsius. The annealing process may be performed during a time period in the range of 0.1 second to 30 seconds. In a particular embodiment of certain inventive aspects, the thermal treatment is performed at a temperature of 1000 degrees Celsius during 1 second up to 30 seconds. The thermal treatment may be a post deposition annealing process (PDA). The thermal treatment must be performed after the process of providing the first gate dielectric capping layer but before the process of providing the first metal gate electrode layer.

The annealing process may be a spike annealing or laser annealing or rapid thermal annealing process.

The thermal treatment may be performed in a low oxygen ambient such as for example N₂ or Ar.

According to embodiments of certain inventive aspects a first gate stack comprises the modified first gate dielectric stack and the first metal gate electrode, wherein the effective work function of the first gate stack in particular embodiments is in the range of 4.7 eV to 5.2 eV.

According to embodiments certain inventive aspects, forming a second transistor in the second region comprises forming a second gate stack in the second region, the second gate stack comprising a second gate dielectric stack and a second metal gate electrode, wherein the effective work function of the second gate stack in particular embodiments is in the range of 4.0 eV to 4.5 eV. The second gate dielectric stack comprises a second gate dielectric layer and a second gate dielectric capping layer.

The first and second gate dielectric layer may comprise the same material.

The first and second gate dielectric capping layers in particular embodiments comprise different materials. The first gate dielectric capping layer may comprise an aluminium-based dielectric. The second gate dielectric capping layer may comprise a lanthanide-based dielectric.

The first gate dielectric stack has an initial effective oxide thickness (EOTinit) and the modified first gate dielectric stack has a modified effective oxide thickness (EOTmod), wherein the difference between EOTmod and EOTinit is smaller than 30 percent.

In a particular aspect of a method for manufacturing a dual work function semiconductor device according to embodiments of certain inventive aspects, the method comprises defining at least a PMOS region and at least a NMOS region in a substrate, the PMOS region being electrically isolated from the NMOS region. The method further comprises forming a PMOS transistor in the PMOS region having a PMOS work function. The method further comprises after forming the PMOS transistor, forming a NMOS transistor in the NMOS region having a NMOS work function being different from the PMOS work function. The process of forming the PMOS transistor comprises:

-   -   providing a first gate dielectric stack on the substrate, the         first gate dielectric stack comprising a Hf-containing gate         dielectric layer and an Al-containing gate dielectric capping         layer on and in contact with the Hf-containing gate dielectric         layer;     -   thereafter performing a thermal treatment of the first gate         dielectric stack as such modifying the first gate dielectric         stack, the modified first gate dielectric stack defining the         PMOS work function;     -   thereafter providing a PMOS metal gate electrode layer on the         modified first gate dielectric stack;     -   patterning the PMOS metal gate electrode layer and modified         first gate dielectric stack

The thermal treatment of the first gate dielectric stack induces intermixing of the Hf-containing gate dielectric layer and the Al-containing gate dielectric capping layer.

In one inventive aspect, the effective work function may be tuned for both PMOS and NMOS of a semiconductor device without substantially increasing the effective oxide thickness (EOT).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

The drawings are intended to illustrate some aspects and embodiments of certain inventive aspects. The drawings described are only schematic and are non-limiting. In the drawings, the size of some of the elements may be exaggerated and not drawn on scale for illustrative purposes.

Exemplary embodiments are illustrated in referenced figures of the drawings. It is intended that the embodiments and figures disclosed herein be considered illustrative rather than restrictive. In the different figures, the same reference signs refer to the same or analogous elements.

FIG. 1 to FIG. 9 represent different schematic cross-sections of a semiconductor device corresponding to several process steps according to embodiments of the certain inventive aspects of a method for manufacturing a dual work function semiconductor device.

FIG. 10 shows experimental results for the effective work function (EWF) in function of the effective oxide thickness (EOT) for a modified gate dielectric stack manufactured according to embodiments of certain inventive aspects. The illustration is for a gate dielectric stack comprising a Hf-containing dielectric layer, such as HfO₂ or HfSiO, and an Al-containing gate dielectric capping layer, such as AlO. After the formation of the Al-containing gate dielectric capping layer a post dielectric annealing (PDA) is performed at different process conditions, as illustrated in the drawing, at temperatures ranging between 900 degrees Celsius and 1000 degrees Celsius in N₂. EOT is reduced with the increase of PDA, substantially without EWF penalty. All wafers are followed by a 1035 degrees Celsius spike annealing. PDA enhances dielectric densification and inter-mixing with lower EOT.

FIG. 11 shows experimental results for the effective work function (EWF) in function of the effective oxide thickness (EOT) for metal gate stacks with post metal gate annealing (PMA). The gate stack comprises a Hf-containing dielectric layer such as HfO₂ or HfSiO, optionally an Al-containing gate dielectric capping layer such al AlO, and a TaN metal gate electrode layer. After the formation of the TaN metal gate electrode layer a Post Metal Annealing (PMA) is performed at different process conditions, as illustrated in the drawing, at temperatures ranging from 900 degrees Celsius to 1000 degrees Celsius in N₂. Both EWF and EOT are increased with the increase of PMA. It is similar to the V_(fb) roll-off trend illustrated later.

FIG. 12 shows experimental results for the effective work function in function of the effective oxide thickness (EOT) for a metal gate stack manufactured according to embodiments certain inventive aspects. The gate stack comprises a Hf-containing dielectric layer, an Al-containing gate dielectric capping layer and a TaN or a TiN metal gate electrode layer. After the formation of the Al-containing gate dielectric capping layer (and before the formation of the metal gate electrode layer) a PDA is performed at different process conditions, as illustrated in the drawing.

FIG. 13 shows experimental results for the effective work function in function of the effective oxide thickness (EOT) for a metal gate stack manufactured according to embodiments of certain inventive aspects. The gate stack comprises a Hf-containing dielectric layer, an La-containing gate dielectric capping layer and a TaN or a TiN metal gate electrode layer. After the formation of the La-containing gate dielectric capping layer (and before the formation of the metal gate electrode layer) a PDA is performed at different process conditions, as illustrated in the drawing.

FIG. 14 shows experimental results for the effective work function (EWF) in function of the effective oxide thickness (EOT). Al₂O₂ capping layer on high-k dielectric layer (HfSiON) is used for increasing PMOS EWF. However such effect disappears due to more serious flatband voltage roll-off effect. Different interfacial layer oxides demonstrate the same behaviour.

FIG. 15 shows experimental results for the effective work function (EWF) in function of the effective oxide thickness (EOT) for different metal precursors. By tuning different metal gate processes (physical vapour deposition (PVD) vs. atomic vapour deposition (AVD)) and metal gate precursors (C, N, O content in TaCxNyOz), EWF-EOT actually follows similar flat-band voltage (V_(fb)) roll-off trend.

FIG. 16 shows experimental results for the effective work function (EWF) in function of the effective oxide thickness (EOT) for different metal gate thicknesses. Increasing metal gate thickness leads to higher EWF with higher EOT like V_(fb) roll-off trend in different MG/HK stacks. MG thickness effect will be difficult to adopt for PMOS in lower EOT region.

FIG. 17 shows experimental results for the effective work function (EWF) in function of the effective oxide thickness (EOT) for different thermal budgets of PMA. Much smaller, but present, V_(fb) roll-off effect is observed at temperatures lower than or equal to 900 degrees Celsius. Low temperature activation gives EWF around midgap EWF for TaCNO. EWF increases for temperatures higher than 900 degrees Celsius and V_(fb) roll-off become obvious at the same time.

FIG. 18 shows experimental results for the effective work function (EWF) in function of the physical SiO₂ thickness (TSiO₂). TSiO₂ onset (triangles) increases with increasing temperature. A diffusion process is involved with thermal budget.

FIG. 19 shows experimental results for the effective work function (EWF) in function of the physical SiO₂ thickness (TSiO₂). The TSiO₂ (Physical IL thickness calculated from FIG. 15 by subtracting EOT contribution from different HKs) onset is almost independent of the dielectric although HfSiO seems have a little bit smaller TSiO₂ onset. Curvature (V_(fb) roll-off) starts at TSiO₂ around 1.5 nm. The degree of V_(fb) roll-off (the slope for low EOTs) is dependent on the dielectric and HfSiO shows less V_(fb) roll-off

FIG. 20 shows experimental results for the effective work function (EWF) in function of the physical SiO₂ thickness (TSiO₂). With Al₂O₃ cap, the TSiO₂ onset is about 1.5 nm, which is similar to HK without Al₂O₃ cap. Extrapolation to TSiO₂=0 gives a pinning value of ˜4.3 eV for high thermal budget splits.

FIG. 21 shows an energy band diagram for oxygen diffusion from HK to Si. Current results are well explained by oxygen vacancy model. EWF gets pinned at the energy level of the oxygen vacancy, 4.0 eV from the HfO₂ valence band (VB). That is around 4.3 eV for EWF.

FIG. 22 shows TEM images for a MG gate stack. From TEM analysis, IL grows thicker as TiN thickness is increased. A thinner oxidation layer on top of TiN is expected during wafer transfer from MG tool to poly tool. Sufficient oxygen atoms diffuse from top of columnar MG through HK into IL for re-growth during spike annealing. Therefore, higher EWF with thicker MG could be also explained form oxygen rich condition causing less oxygen vacancy in HK and more Ti—O—Hf bonding between HK and MG interface.

FIG. 23 shows experimental results for the effective work function (EWF) in function of the effective oxide thickness (BUT) for different high-k dielectric thickness. Thinner HK with less oxygen vacancy leads to higher EWF.

FIG. 24 shows experimental results for the effective work function (EWF) in function of the effective oxide thickness (EOT) for bilayer MG. Al in TaN MG leads to EOT reduction with EWF increase due to Al—O bonding between HK and MG interface. Al in MG traps oxygen in HK by Al—O bonding. 7 nm TaN/3 nm TaAl(15%)N bi-layer MG could have the same effect with lower resistivity.

FIG. 25 shows experimental results for the effective work function (EWF) in function of the effective oxide thickness (EOT) for a multilayer MG. In-situ cap 3 nm AVD TaN on 7 nm AVD TaCN MG successfully blocks oxygen diffusion path and thus leads to EOT reduction without EWF penalty. AVD TaN MG has higher density compared to that of TaCN.

FIG. 26 shows experimental results for the effective work function (EWF) in function of the effective oxide thickness (EOT). PMOS band edge EWF of 5.0 eV, at 1.3 nm EOT is demonstrated by a laser annealing approach with full MG or PDA with low thermal budget approach (520 degrees Celsius forming gas (FG) annealing or rapid thermal annealing (RTA) 800 degrees Celsius for 30 seconds).

FIG. 27 shows experimental results for the effective work function (EWF) in function of the effective oxide thickness (BUT). EWF is further increased, 110 mV, by introducing low temperature (LT, temperature less than 350 degrees Celsius) O₂ annealing after spike annealing without EOT increase penalty.

FIG. 28 shows experimental results for the effective work function (EWF) in function of the effective oxide thickness (EOT) achieving −0.25 V PMOS threshold voltage target by using PDA with optimized gate stack.

FIG. 29 and FIG. 30 show experimental results for the effective work function (EWF) in function of the effective oxide thickness (EOT) proving increased negative bias temperature instability (NBTI). By PDA on optimized gate stack, NBTI can pass 10 years life time at EOT less than 1 nm. There is no problem for positive bias temperature instability (PBTI) in sub 1 nm EOT region.

FIG. 31 shows V_(t)-gate length roll-off for best PMOS EOT data and best NMOS EOT data in function of the physical gate length for 22 nm high performance CMOS and beyond.

FIG. 32 shows Ion-Ioff or Ion-Jg for best PMOS EOT data and best NMOS EOT data for 22 nm high performance CMOS and beyond.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS

One or more embodiments of certain inventive aspects will now be described in detail with reference to the attached figures; however, the invention is not limited thereto but is only limited by the claims. The drawings described are only schematic and are non-limiting. In the drawings, the size of some of the elements may be exaggerated and not drawn on scale for illustrative purposes. The dimensions and the relative dimensions do not necessarily correspond to actual reductions to practice of the invention. Those skilled in the art can recognize numerous variations and modifications of this invention that are encompassed by its scope as defined by the appended claims. Accordingly, the description of preferred embodiments should not be deemed to limit the scope of the present invention.

Furthermore, the terms first, second and the like in the description are used for distinguishing between similar elements and not necessarily for describing a sequential or chronological order. It is to be understood that the terms so used are interchangeable under appropriate circumstances and that the embodiments of the invention described herein are capable of operation in other sequences than described or illustrated herein.

Moreover, the terms top, bottom, over, under and the like in the description are used for descriptive purposes and not necessarily for describing relative positions. The terms so used are interchangeable under appropriate circumstances and the embodiments of the invention described herein can operate in other orientations than described or illustrated herein. For example “underneath” and “above” an element indicates being located at opposite sides of this element.

In the description provided herein, numerous specific details are set forth. However, it is understood that embodiments of the invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known methods, structures and techniques have not been shown in detail in order not to obscure an understanding of this description.

Where, herein, a specific chemical name or formula is given, the material may include non-stoichiometric variations of the stoichiometrically exact formula identified by the chemical name. Lack of numerical subscript by an element in the formula stoichiometrically signifies the number one (1). Variations in the range plus/minus 20% of the exact stoichiometric number are comprised in the chemical name or formula, for the present purposes. Where an algebraic subscript is given, then variations in the range of about plus/minus 20% are comprised relative to the value of each subscript. Such varied values do not necessarily sum to a whole number and this departure is contemplated. Such variations may occur due to either intended selection and control of the process conditions, or due to unintended process variations.

It is to be noticed that the term “comprising” should not be interpreted as being restricted to the means listed thereafter; it does not exclude other elements or processes. Thus, the scope of the expression “a device comprising means A and B” should not be limited to devices consisting only of components A and B. It means that with respect to the present description, the only relevant components of the device are A and B.

Various embodiments of the invention are referring to parameters of the semiconductor device such as threshold voltage (V_(t)), effective work function (EWF), or physical characteristics of the material(s) employed such as work function (WF), Fermi level etc. The definitions as used through this document are summarized herein below.

In the MOSFET device, the gate requires a threshold voltage (V_(t)) to render the channel conductive. Complementary MOS (CMOS) processes fabricate both n-channel and p-channel (respectively NMOS and PMOS) transistors. The difference of the threshold voltage V_(t), i.e. the difference of the threshold voltage between the NMOS and PMOS transistor, is influenced by what is called the difference of the effective work function (ΔEWF). The difference of the effective work function is the difference between the effective work function of the NMOS transistor and the effective work function of the PMOS transistor. To establish threshold voltage (V_(t)) values for the PMOS transistor and NMOS transistor respectively, the effective work function difference of the respective PMOS and NMOS gate materials (gate stacks) and their corresponding channel regions is independently established through channel processing and gate processing. In other words, both gate dielectric (comprising i.e. a host dielectric and optionally different capping layers) and gate electrode (comprising at least one metal layer) determine the effective work function (EWF) of the gate stack (device). Moreover, the gate processing itself (i.e. the sequence of the different steps and/or the thermal treatments applied) may have an influence on the effective work function (EWF) of the gate stack (device).

The effective work function (EWF) of a gate stack (device) is a parameter that can be tuned by the choice of the gate dielectric materials, gate electrode materials and by the gate processing performed. On the contrary, the work function (WF) of the gate electrode (often referred to as metal gate electrode MG or metal layer electrode or metal control electrode) is an intrinsic property of the material. In general, the work function of a certain material is a measure of the energy, in electron volts (eV), required to eject an electron in the material out of a material atom to the vacuum, if the electron were initially at the Fermi level. The work function of the gate electrode may also be referred to as as-deposited work function or the intrinsic work function of the material.

For a silicon substrate, the gate electrode of a negative channel MOSFET (or NMOS) device would have an n-type work function of approximately 4.1 eV (+/−0.3 eV), and the gate electrode of a positive channel MOSFET (or PMOS) device would have a p-type work function of approximately 5.2 eV (+/−0.3 eV).

A high-k (HK) dielectric is a dielectric featuring a dielectric constant (k) higher than the dielectric constant of SiO₂, i.e. k>3.9. High-k dielectrics allow for a larger physical thickness (compared to SiO₂) for obtaining a same effective capacitance than can be obtained with a much thinner SiO₂ layer.

In the following certain embodiments will be described with reference to a silicon (Si) substrate but it should be understood that the invention applies equally well to other types of semiconductor substrates. In embodiments, the “substrate” may include a semiconductor substrate such as e.g. a silicon, a gallium arsenide (GaAs), a gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP), an indium phosphide (InP), a germanium (Ge), or a silicon germanium (SiGe) substrate. The “substrate” may include for example, an insulating layer such as a SiO₂ or a Si₃N₄ layer in addition to a semiconductor substrate portion. Thus, the term substrate also includes silicon-on-glass, silicon-on-sapphire substrates. The term “substrate” is thus used to define generally the elements for layers that underlie a layer or portions of interest. Also, the “substrate” may be any other base on which a layer is formed, for example a glass or metal layer. Accordingly a substrate may be a wafer such as a blanket wafer or may be a layer applied to another base material, e.g. an epitaxial layer grown onto a lower layer.

One embodiment relates generally to a method for manufacturing a dual work function semiconductor device, the method comprising:

-   -   defining at least a first region and at least a second region in         a substrate, the first region being electrically isolated from         the second region     -   forming a first transistor in the first region having a first         effective work function wherein forming the first transistor         comprises         -   providing a first gate dielectric stack on the substrate,             the first gate dielectric stack comprising a first gate             dielectric layer and a first gate dielectric capping layer             on and in contact with the first gate dielectric layer;         -   thereafter performing a thermal treatment of the first gate             dielectric stack so as to modify the first gate dielectric             stack, the modified first gate dielectric stack defining the             first effective work function;         -   thereafter providing a first metal gate electrode layer on             the modified first gate dielectric stack;         -   patterning the first metal gate electrode layer and modified             first gate dielectric stack     -   after forming the first transistor, forming a second transistor         in the second region having a second effective work function         being different from the first effective work function.

One embodiment relates more specifically to a method for manufacturing a dual work function semiconductor CMOS device, the method comprising

-   -   defining at least a PMOS region and at least a NMOS region in a         substrate, the PMOS region being electrically isolated from the         NMOS region;     -   forming a PMOS transistor in the PMOS region having a PMOS work         function wherein forming the PMOS transistor comprises         -   providing a first gate dielectric stack on the substrate,             the first gate dielectric stack comprising a Hf-containing             gate dielectric layer and an Al-containing gate dielectric             capping layer on and in contact with the Hf-containing gate             dielectric layer;         -   thereafter performing a thermal treatment of the first gate             dielectric stack so as to modify the first gate dielectric             stack, the modified first gate dielectric stack defining the             PMOS work function;         -   thereafter providing a PMOS metal gate electrode layer on             the modified first gate dielectric stack;         -   patterning the PMOS metal gate electrode layer and modified             first gate dielectric stack     -   after forming the PMOS transistor, forming a NMOS transistor in         the NMOS region having a NMOS work function being different from         the PMOS work function.

With reference now to FIG. 1 to FIG. 7 different process steps for a method of manufacturing a dual work function semiconductor device according to an aspect of the present invention is described in more detail.

FIG. 1 illustrates a semiconductor substrate 100, e.g. a silicon substrate. The substrate 100 may comprise multiple distinct regions. In particular embodiments, two distinct regions may be defined in the substrate 100, as is illustrated in FIG. 1: a first region 101 and a second region 102. The first region 101 may also be referred as the first active region of the device and the second region 102 may also be referred as the second active region of the device. The first region 101 and the second region 102 may be electrically isolated from each other by an insulating region 103. A possible way to isolate the first 101 and second 102 region from each other is by using shallow trench isolation (STI) in between both regions 101, 102. STI is a deep narrow trench, etched into the semiconductor substrate in between adjacent devices in an integrated circuit and filled with dielectric material such as oxide, to provide electrical isolation between the adjacent devices. Alternatively, local oxidation of silicon (LOCOS) may be used for isolating the first and the second regions 101, 102 from each other.

A first gate stack will be formed in the first region 101, the first gate stack being for example part of a PMOS transistor (and thus the first region 101 representing a PMOS region for forming a PMOS transistor). A second gate stack will be formed in the second region 102, the second gate stack being for example part of a NMOS transistor (and thus the second region 102 representing a NMOS region for forming a NMOS transistor). It should be understood that the invention is not limited thereto and NMOS and PMOS may be interchanged, i.e forming a first NMOS transistor in the first (NMOS) region and a second PMOS transistor in the second (PMOS) region.

According to particular embodiments of the present invention the first region defines a PMOS region and the second region defines a NMOS region.

After providing the first region 101 and the second region 102 a stack of layers 107 is provided on the semiconductor substrate 100 in both the first region 101 and the second region 102 (FIG. 2). The stack of layers 107 defines a gate dielectric stack. The gate dielectric stack 107 comprises a gate dielectric layer 104 and a gate dielectric capping layer 105. The gate dielectric capping layer 105 is formed in contact with the gate dielectric layer 104. Optionally the gate dielectric stack 107 also comprises an interfacial dielectric layer 106 (e.g. SiO2) between the substrate 100 and the gate dielectric layer 104.

The gate dielectric layer 104 is provided in both the first region 101 and second region 102. The gate dielectric layer 104 comprises a high-k (i.e. k>3.9) dielectric material. In particular embodiments the gate dielectric layer 104 is a Hf-containing dielectric layer such as for example HfO_(x), HfSiON, HfON, HfZrO, HfAlO, HfLaO, . . . . The gate dielectric layer 104 may be formed by thermal oxidation, atomic layer deposition (ALD), chemical vapour deposition (CVD), physical vapour deposition (PVD), or any other suitable method known to a person skilled in the art.

The gate dielectric capping layer 105 is formed in contact with the gate dielectric layer 104. The gate dielectric capping layer 105 may be located on top of the gate dielectric layer 104. Alternatively the gate dielectric capping layer 105 may be located underneath the gate dielectric layer 104. The gate dielectric capping layer 105 may be provided using conventional process steps and equipment, as well known for a person skilled in the art, such as for example depositing a gate dielectric capping layer on the substrate in both the first 101 and the second 102 region.

The gate dielectric capping layer 105 comprises a dielectric material which is selected to ultimately tune the first effective work function of a first gate stack (still to be formed at this level in the process) in the first region. Further on in the integration scheme also a first metal gate electrode layer material is selected to further tune the first effective work function of the first gate stack. For example, the gate dielectric capping layer 105 may comprise Dy_(x)O_(y).

In one embodiment, the gate dielectric capping layer 105 comprises an aluminum-based material, such as Al, Al_(x)O_(y)(N). Al_(x)O_(y)(N) is know to be a dielectric with more electronegative atoms than the gate dielectric layer 104 such that the built-in dipole field in the dielectric (e.g. a HfSiON—AlO stack) may adapt the threshold voltage of the PMOS device independently of the work function of the metal gate electrode (e.g. TiN). The aluminium-based capping layer 105, e.g. AlO layer, will thus determine the effective work function, which is suitable for a PMOS transistor.

The gate dielectric capping layer 105 may have an equivalent oxide thickness (EOT) in the range of about 0.1 nm to 2 nm, more particularly in the range of about 0.1 nm to 1 nm and even in the range of about 0.1 nm to 0.5 nm. This corresponds to a physical thickness of the gate dielectric capping layer 105 in the range of about 0.2-2 nm.

The gate dielectric stack 107 has a physical thickness which may be in the range of 0.5 nm to 4 nm, leading to an EOT (equivalent oxide thickness) which may be below 2 nm.

After providing the gate dielectric stack 107 a thermal treatment 300 of the gate dielectric stack 107 is performed (FIG. 3). This thermal treatment comprises an annealing process, also known as post-deposition anneal (PDA). The PDA is performed after the formation of the gate dielectric capping layer 105 and before the formation of the first metal gate electrode. The annealing process may comprise a rapid thermal anneal (RTA), a spike anneal, a laser anneal or any other annealing process known to a person skilled in the art.

In embodiments of the present invention, the thermal treatment process may be performed in a low oxygen ambient such as N₂ or Ar at a temperature in the range between about 800 degrees Celsius and 1300 degrees Celsius during about 0.1 second up to 30 seconds. In particular embodiments, the thermal treatment process is performed at 1000 degrees Celsius during 1 second up to 30 seconds.

By performing the thermal treatment (PDA), intermixing occurs of the gate dielectric layer 104 and the gate dielectric capping layer 105. In particular embodiments, diffusion occurs from the gate dielectric capping layer 105 into the gate dielectric layer 104 (FIG. 4). In alternative embodiments, diffusion may occur from the gate dielectric layer 104 into the gate dielectric capping layer 105. The intermixing of the gate dielectric layer and the gate dielectric capping layer occurs so as to create a modified gate dielectric stack 107 bis, the modified gate dielectric stack 107 bis comprising the intermixed dielectric layer 108 (resulting from an intermixing of at least the gate dielectric layer 104 and the gate dielectric capping layer 105) defining an effective work function suitable for the first region. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 5, the modified gate dielectric stack 107 bis comprises, besides the intermixed dielectric layer 108, also the interfacial dielectric layer 106. Optionally, in other embodiments, also the interfacial dielectric layer 106 may be intermixed with the gate dielectric layer and the gate dielectric capping layer (not shown) due to the thermal treatment 300.

It is an aspect of the present invention that the PDA thermal treatment 300 is performed after the deposition of the gate dielectric capping layer 105 but before the deposition of the first metal gate electrode 109.

In alternative embodiments, the gate dielectric stack 107 may be patterned first, before applying a thermal treatment, e.g. using conventional patterning techniques (lithography and etching) known to a person skilled in the art, such that the gate dielectric stack 107 is only present in the first region 101 after patterning. Thereafter a thermal treatment may be performed. The thermal treatment may thus be performed before or after patterning the gate dielectric stack. However the thermal treatment is performed before providing the first metal gate electrode layer 109.

The thermal treatment may be performed for tuning the effective work function of the PMOS transistor.

After the thermal treatment a first metal gate electrode layer 109 is provided overlying (on and in contact with) the modified gate dielectric stack 107 bis (FIG. 5).

The first metal gate electrode layer 109 is formed having a first (as-deposited) work function. The first metal gate electrode layer 109 comprises a metal comprising material to form a metal gate. With metal comprising material is understood metals, metal alloys, metal silicides, conductive metal nitrides, conductive metal oxides, . . . . Depending on the metal in the metal comprising material, the work function of the first metal gate electrode layer 109 may be similar to the work function of a conventional p-type doped semiconductor or to the work function of a conventional n-type doped semiconductor. For example nickel (Ni), ruthenium oxide (RuO), and molybdenum nitride (MoN) have a work function similar to a p-type doped semiconductor material. For example ruthenium (Ru), zirconium (Zr), niobium (Nb), tantalum (Ta), titanium silicide (TiSi₂) have a work function similar to a n-type doped semiconductor material. For example TiN has a midgap work function i.e. in between the work function for n-type doped and p-type doped semiconductor material (for TiN on SiO₂, ˜4.65 eV-4.8 eV).

In particular embodiments a first metal gate electrode layer 109 is formed having a first (as-deposited) work function WF which is suitable for forming a PMOS gate electrode (i.e. PMOS transistor) in the first region 101, but which is not suitable for forming a NMOS gate electrode (i.e. NMOS transistor) in the second region 102.

The modified gate dielectric stack 107 bis located under the first metal gate electrode layer 109 will induce a first work function shift of the as-deposited work function of the first metal gate electrode material 109. The metal gate electrode layer 109 together with the modified gate dielectric stack 107 bis determines the effective work function of the first transistor (i.e. PMOS transistor) in the first region 101 (i.e. PMOS region).

The first metal gate electrode layer 109 has a thickness in the range of about 0.5 nm to 100 nm, for example in the range of 5 nm to 10 nm and may be applied by any suitable process; for example it may be deposited using a deposition technique such as for example ALD, CVD, or PVD.

In a following process the stack of layers 107 bis, 109 still available on both the first 101 and second 102 region is patterned using conventional techniques (lithography, etching) to form a first gate stack 201 in the first region 101 (FIGS. 6, 7). The first gate stack 201 comprises the first metal gate electrode layer 109 on and in contact with the modified gate dielectric stack 107 bis.

The patterning process may comprise first providing an etch stop layer 110, for example a Si-containing layer, on top of the first metal gate electrode layer 109. Such Si-containing layer 110 may comprise for example poly-Si. The etch stop layer 110 may have a thickness in the range of 5 nanometres to 30 nanometres. After providing the etch stop layer 110 a photoresist layer 111 may be provided and patterned using known techniques (lithography, etching). The patterned photoresist layer 111 serves as a mask for patterning (etching) the underlying layers (i.e. the modified gate dielectric stack 107 bis, the first metal gate electrode layer 109 and the etch stop layer 110.

After the different process steps for patterning the first gate stack 201, and as such also defining the first transistor, the modified gate dielectric stack 107 bis, the first metal gate electrode layer 109 and the etch stop layer 110 are only present in the first region 101. They may define the gate stack for the PMOS transistor.

After providing the first gate stack 201 a second gate stack 202 is formed in the second region 102. For the formation of the second gate stack one may use different integration techniques known to a person skilled in the art.

As shown in FIG. 8 different layers may be formed in the first region and the second region. In the first region 101 these layers are overlying the first gate stack 201, whereas in the second region 102 these layers are overlying the substrate 100. Similar to the formation of the first gate stack an (optional) second interfacial layer 206, a second gate dielectric layer 204, a second gate dielectric capping layer 205, a second metal gate electrode layer 209 and a second etch stop layer 210, e.g. a Si-containing layer, may be formed.

The second gate dielectric capping layer 205 is formed in contact with the second gate dielectric layer 204. Optionally also an interfacial dielectric layer 206 (e.g. SiO₂) is provided between the substrate 100 and the stack comprising the second gate dielectric layer 204 and the second gate dielectric capping layer 205.

The second gate dielectric layer 204 comprises a high-k (i.e. k>3.9) dielectric material. In particular embodiments, the second gate dielectric layer 204 is a Hf-containing dielectric layer such as for example HfO_(x), HfSiON, HfON, HfZrO, HfAlO, HfLaO, . . . . The second gate dielectric layer 204 may be formed by thermal oxidation, atomic layer deposition (ALD) or chemical vapour deposition (CVD) or physical vapour deposition (PVD), or any other suitable method known to a person skilled in the art.

The second gate dielectric capping layer 205 is formed in contact with the second gate dielectric layer 204. The second gate dielectric capping layer 205 may be located on top of the second gate dielectric layer 204. Alternatively the second gate dielectric capping layer 205 may be located underneath the second gate dielectric layer 204. The second gate dielectric capping layer 205 may be provided using conventional process steps and equipment, as well known for a person skilled in the art.

The second gate dielectric capping layer 205 comprises a dielectric material which is selected to tune the second effective work function of the second gate stack in the second region. Further on in the integration scheme also the second metal gate electrode layer material is selected to further tune the second effective work function of the second gate stack.

In one embodiment, the second gate dielectric capping layer 205 comprises a lanthanide-based dielectric. In particular embodiments, the second gate dielectric capping layer 205 may be selected from the group consisting of DyO, LaO, GdO, ErO, MgO, SrO, SrTiO and mixtures thereof.

For example La_(x)O_(y)(N) is know to be a dielectric with more electropositive atoms than the gate dielectric layer 204 such that the built-in dipole field in the dielectric (e.g. HfSiON—LaO stack) may adapt the threshold voltage of the NMOS device independently of the work function of the metal gate electrode (e.g. TiN). The LaO layer will thus determine the effective work function, which is suitable for a NMOS transistor.

In particular embodiments, the second gate dielectric capping layer 205 may have an equivalent oxide thickness (EOT) in the range of about 0.1 nm to 2 nm, for example in the range of about 0.1 nm to 1 nm, such as in the range of about 0.2 nm to 0.5 nm. This corresponds to a physical thickness of the second gate dielectric capping layer 205 in the range of about 0.2-2 nm.

The second metal gate electrode layer 209 is formed having a second (as-deposited) work function. The second metal gate electrode layer 209 comprises a metal comprising material to form a metal gate. With metal comprising material is understood metals, metal alloys, metal silicides, conductive metal nitrides, conductive metal oxides, . . . . Depending on the metal, the work function of the second metal gate electrode layer 209 may be similar to the work function of a conventional n-type doped semiconductor or to the work function of a conventional p-type doped semiconductor. For example nickel (Ni), ruthenium oxide (RuO), and molybdenum nitride (MoN) have a work function similar to a p-type doped semiconductor material. For example ruthenium (Ru), zirconium (Zr), niobium (Nb), tantalum (Ta), titanium silicide (TiSi₂) have a work function similar to a n-type doped semiconductor material. For example TiN has a midgap work function i.e. in between the work function for n-type doped and p-type doped semiconductor material (for TiN on SiO₂, ˜4.65 eV-4.8 eV).

In particular embodiments of the present invention a second metal gate electrode layer 209 is formed having a second (as-deposited) work function WF which is suitable for forming a NMOS gate electrode (i.e. NMOS transistor) in the second region 102, but which is not suitable for forming a PMOS gate electrode (i.e. PMOS transistor) in the first region 101.

The second gate dielectric stack 207 located under the second metal gate electrode layer 209 will induce a second work function shift of the as-deposited work function WF of the second metal gate electrode material 209. The second metal gate electrode layer 209 together with the second gate dielectric stack 207 determines the effective work function of the second transistor (i.e. NMOS transistor) in the second region 102 (i.e. NMOS region).

The second metal gate electrode layer 209 has a thickness in the range of about 0.1 nm to 100 nm, for example in the range of 5 nm to 10 nm, and is deposited using a deposition technique such as for example ALD, CVD, or PVD.

A second etch stop layer 210, for example a Si-containing layer, may be provided on top of the second metal gate electrode layer 209. This second etch stop layer 210 may comprise for example poly-Si. The second etch stop layer 210 serves as a barrier layer for a photo resist layer 211 to be applied. The second etch stop layer 210 may have a thickness in the range 5 nanometres to 30 nanometres.

After providing the second etch stop layer 210 a photoresist layer 211 may be provided and patterned using known techniques (lithography, etching) (FIG. 8). The patterned photoresist layer 211 serves as a mask for patterning (etching) the redundant layers in the first region (i.e. the second gate dielectric stack 207, the second metal gate electrode layer 209 and the second etch stop layer 210 present in the first region 101 on top of the first gate stack 201.

After the different process steps for patterning the second gate stack 202 (FIG. 9), and as such also defining the second transistor, the second gate dielectric stack 207, the second metal gate electrode layer 209 and the etch stop layer 210 are only present in the second region 102. They may define the gate stack for the NMOS transistor.

If necessary a final patterning process may be performed to further pattern the first and second gate stack to desired dimensions.

The first effective work function of the first gate stack 201 in the first region 101 may for example be in the range of 4.7 eV to 5.2 eV. This is thus an effective work function suitable for a PMOS transistor.

The second effective work function of the second gate stack 202 in the second region 102 may for example be in the range of 4.0 eV to 4.5 eV. This is thus an effective work function suitable for a NMOS transistor.

One embodiment of the present invention relates to a semiconductor device, more particularly a dual work function semiconductor device obtainable by a method disclosed herein.

In particular, one embodiment of a dual work function CMOS device comprises:

-   -   a semiconductor substrate     -   at least a PMOS transistor, the PMOS transistor comprising an         intermixed gate dielectric layer, for example a Hf-containing         layer, and gate dielectric capping layer, for example an         Al-containing layer, and a metal gate electrode layer thereon;     -   at least an NMOS transistor, the NMOS transistor comprising a         gate dielectric layer, for example a Hf-containing layer, and a         gate dielectric capping layer, for example a La-containing         layer, and another metal gate electrode layer.

The method for manufacturing a dual work function device and the device obtained thereof may be applied for a planar semiconductor device (as also shown in the accompanied figures), but also other configurations such as a non-planar or finfet semiconductor device are possible.

FIG. 10 shows experimental data of the effective work function (eV) in function of the equivalent oxide thickness (EOT, in Å) for different gate dielectric stacks (HfO₂/AlO, HfSiO/AlO, HFSOi) and different process parameters for the thermal treatment performed (PDA at 900° C. during 30 s, at 950° C. during 30 s, at 1000° C. during 10 s and at 1000° C. during 30 s). All thermal treatments are followed by a 1035° C. junction annealing. This low thermal budget activation annealing process is not influencing the effective work function of the semiconductor device.

It is an advantage of embodiments of the present invention that a dual work function semiconductor device may be manufactured wherein the thermal treatment for tuning the work function of the semiconductor device is easily combinable with other activation annealing process in the process flow, such as for example junction activation by laser annealing or other low thermal budget activation annealing.

For a gate dielectric stack with a gate dielectric layer of HfSiO and without a gate dielectric capping layer (dot) the effective work function is about 4.6 eV and an EOT of about 1.35 nm (k). This dielectric gate stack did not have a PDA treatment.

For a gate dielectric stack with a HfSiO gate dielectric layer and a AlO gate dielectric capping layer (squares) the effective work function is about 4.75 eV and an EOT of about 1.55 nm without a PDA treatment (a). By applying a PDA treatment of 1000 degrees Celsius during 30 seconds (e) it is observed that the effective work function is increasing up to 4.78 eV and the EOT is decreasing to about 1.45 nm compared to the experimental data without PDA treatment. Four different process conditions are applied for the PDA treatment: (a) No PDA, (b) PDA at 900 degrees Celsius during 30 seconds, (c) PDA at 950 degrees Celsius during 30 seconds, (d) PDA at 1000 degrees Celsius during 10 seconds, (e) PDA at 1000 degrees Celsius during 30 seconds. With increasing PDA thermal budget, the effective work function is slightly increasing and the EOT is decreasing.

For a gate dielectric stack with a HfO₂ gate dielectric layer and a AlO gate dielectric capping layer (diamonds) the WF is about 4.78 eV and an EOT of about 1.48 nm without a PDA treatment (f). By applying a PDA treatment of 1000 degrees Celsius during 30 seconds (j) it is observed that the effective work function is increasing up to 4.83 eV and the EOT is decreasing to about 1.34 nm compared to the experimental data without PDA treatment. Four different process conditions are applied for the PDA treatment: (f) No PDA, (g) PDA at 900 degrees Celsius during 30 seconds, (h) PDA at 950 degrees Celsius during 30 seconds, (i) PDA at 1000 degrees Celsius during 10 seconds, (j) PDA at 1000 degrees Celsius during 30 seconds. With increasing PDA thermal budget, the effective work function is increasing and the EOT is decreasing.

From these experimental results on different gate dielectric stacks with AlO gate dielectric capping layer it is shown that a thermal treatment (PDA) after the deposition of the AlO-capping layer (and before the deposition of the metal gate electrode layer) leads to a higher effective work function (suitable for a PMOS transistor) and lower EOT. This is due to the intermixing and densification without any effective work function penalty.

In another experiment (FIG. 11) the same thermal treatment conditions are applied, however the PDA is performed after the metal gate deposition, e.g. after a 5 nm TaN layer is deposited by PVD. This process is also known as PMA.

For a gate stack with a gate dielectric layer of HfSiO, without a gate dielectric capping layer (dot) and with a TaN metal gate electrode layer on top of the gate dielectric layer the effective work function is about 4.6 eV and an EOT of about 1.35 nm (k). This dielectric gate stack did not have a PMA treatment. When applying a PMA treatment for the same gate stack (l) of 1000 degrees Celsius during 30 seconds an increase of the effective work function up to 4.7 eV and an increase of the EOT up to 1.85 nm is observed.

For a gate stack with a HfSiO gate dielectric layer, a AlO gate dielectric capping layer and a TaN metal gate electrode layer on top of the AlO capping layer (squares) the effective work function is about 4.75 eV and an EOT of about 1.55 nm without a PDA treatment (a). By applying a PDA treatment of 1000 degrees Celsius during 30 seconds (e) it is observed that the effective work function is increasing up to 4.95 eV and the EOT is increasing to about 2.2 nm compared to the experimental data without PDA treatment. The increase of the EOT is however not desired. Four different process conditions are applied for the PDA treatment: (a) No PDA, (b) PDA at 900 degrees Celsius during 30 seconds, (c) PDA at 950 degrees Celsius during 30 seconds, (d) PDA at 1000 degrees Celsius during 10 seconds, (e) PDA at 1000 degrees Celsius during 30 seconds. All thermal treatments were followed by a 1035° C. junction annealing. With increasing PDA thermal budget, the effective work function is increasing and the EOT is also increasing.

For a gate stack with a HfO₂ gate dielectric layer, a AlO gate dielectric capping layer and a TaN metal gate electrode layer on top of the AlO capping layer (diamonds) the effective work function is about 4.78 eV and an EOT of about 1.48 nm without a PDA treatment (f). By applying a PDA treatment of 1000 degrees Celsius during 30 seconds (j) it is observed that the effective work function is increasing up to 4.91 eV and the EOT is also increasing to about 2.05 nm compared to the experimental data without PDA treatment. Four different process conditions are applied for the PDA treatment: (f) No PDA, (g) PDA at 900 degrees Celsius during 30 seconds, (h) PDA at 950 degrees Celsius during 30 seconds, (i) PDA at 1000 degrees Celsius during 10 seconds, (j) PDA at 1000 degrees Celsius during 30 seconds. All thermal treatments were followed by a 1035° C. junction annealing With increasing PDA thermal budget, the effective work function is increasing and the EOT is also increasing.

From these experimental results on different gate dielectric stacks with AlO gate dielectric capping layer and TaN metal gate electrode it is shown that a thermal treatment (PMA) after the deposition of the TaN metal gate electrode layer leads to a higher effective work function (suitable for a PMOS transistor), but, however, also a higher EOT. The higher EOT is not desirable.

FIG. 12 shows experimental data of the effective work function in function of equivalent oxide thickness (EOT) for different PDA annealing conditions with different gate stacks comprising a AlO gate dielectric capping layer, i.e. for PMOS transistor. The gate stack comprises a 1.2 nm HfO2 gate dielectric layer, thereon a 0.9 nm AlO gate dielectric capping layer and thereon a metal gate electrode comprising a 7 nm layer of TaN and a 3 nm layer of TiN in one experiment, or a metal gate electrode comprising a 7 nm layer of TaN and a 10 nm layer of TiN in another experiment. After deposition of the AlO gate dielectric capping layer and before the deposition of the metal gate electrode layer(s) a PDA treatment is performed at different process conditions (a) no PDA, (b) and (e) PDA at 950 degrees Celsius during 30 seconds, (c) and (f) PDA at 1000 degrees Celsius during 10 seconds, (d) and (g) PDA at 1000 degrees Celsius during 30 seconds.

With increasing PDA thermal budget an increase in effective work function is observed from about 4.7 eV up to 4.95 eV as well as a slight increase of the EOT is observed from about 0.9 nm up to 1.15 nm.

FIG. 13 shows experimental data of the effective work function in function of equivalent oxide thickness (EOT) for different PDA annealing conditions with different gate stacks comprising a LaO gate dielectric capping layer, i.e. for NMOS transistor. The gate stack comprises a 1.2 nm HfO2 gate dielectric layer, thereon a 0.7 nm LaO gate dielectric capping layer and thereon a metal gate electrode comprising a 7 nm layer of TaN and a 3 nm layer of TiN in one experiment, or a metal gate electrode comprising a 7 nm layer of TaN and a 10 nm layer of TiN. After deposition of the LaO gate dielectric capping layer and before the deposition of the metal gate electrode layer(s), a PDA treatment is performed at different process conditions (a) no PDA, (c) PDA at 950 degrees Celsius during 30 seconds, (b) and (d) PDA at 1000 degrees Celsius during 10 seconds, (e) PDA at 1000 degrees Celsius during 30 seconds.

With increasing PDA thermal budget an increase in effective work function is observed from about 4.0 eV up to 4.45 eV as well as an increase of the EOT from about 1 nm up to 1.4 nm. This is not desirable for a NMOS transistor (using LaO gate dielectric capping layer) as for NMOS transistor the effective work function should be lowered. Also an increase of EOT is not desirable for the proper working of the device.

MOSFETs were fabricated using a conventional gate-first process. A V-etch process was introduced to create a SiO₂ thickness profile. Different materials and processes were used to form the interfacial SiO₂ layer (IL: chemical oxide, RTO), high-k dielectric (ALD Hf(Zr)O, MOCVD HfSiO(N)), cap dielectric (ALD Al₂O₃) and metal gate (CVD/AVD TaCNO, AVD/PVD Ta(Al)N, ALD/PVD Ti(Al, Si)N, PVD W(O)). RTA, Laser-only and O₂/N₂ annealing conditions were evaluated for various gate-stacks.

Material and Thermal Effect—Observations and Model

At standard thermal budget (1030° C. spike anneal), the effective workfunction (EWF) roll-off is found to be independent of the interfacial layer (IL) type as shown also in FIG. 14. In FIG. 14 the effective workfunction (EWF) is plotted in function of the effective oxide thickness (EOT) for a high-k/metal gate stack comprising a HfSiON high-k dielectric layer. The gate stack further comprises an RTO (rapid thermal oxidation) oxide as interfacial layer (IL) or a chemical oxide (slant oxide). Furthermore also a capping layer may be added such as AlO. This effect (the independency of effective workfunction (EWF) roll-of to the interfacial layer (IL)) is further observed with different high-k (HK) materials (FIG. 19). The benefit from Al₂O₃ capping is lost due to serious EWF roll-off (FIG. 14) at low EOT. Different EWFs are observed between metals (FIGS. 11, 15-16). However, EWF roll-off trends are observed for different metal precursors (FIG. 15), MG thicknesses (FIG. 16), and post MG annealing (FIG. 11).

The EWF roll-off is thermally activated (FIG. 17) with stronger EWF roll-off for higher thermal budgets. However, a minor roll-off is observed already for 520° C. forming gas annealing only. That means gate-last approach could also suffer from EWF roll-off issue in an even lower EOT region. The EWF roll-off behavior starts at a critical physical SiO₂ thickness, T_(SiO2) onset, which increases with increasing temperature (FIG. 18). It is around 1.5 nm for different HKs after spike annealing (FIGS. 19-20). HfSiO shows less EWF roll-off effect.

These observations can be successfully matched to the oxygen vacancy model (FIG. 21): oxygen diffusion from the HfO₂ to the Si and capture by the high EWF metal of released electrons from the reaction O_(O)+½ Si=V_(O) ²⁺+½ SiO₂+2 e⁻. The EWF is pinned at the V_(O) defect energy level at around 4.3 eV, which is consistent with current results (FIG. 20). That also explains the loss of Al₂O₃ EWF increase effect due to such extrinsic pining state. Since oxygen diffusion is involved, the reaction is IL thickness and thermal budget dependent (FIG. 19). Originally, HfO₂ is more thermally stable than SiO₂ but oxygen-deficient SiOx layer between SiO₂ and Si substrate might become more active to catch oxygen from HK below a critical IL thickness, ˜1.5 nm during spike annealing in FIGS. 19-20.

Sufficient oxygen from thicker MG leads to IL re-growth (FIG. 22) and release oxygen vacancy pining effect in HK so higher EWF is obtained (FIG. 16). Guidelines to the PMOS EWF roll-off issue therefore includes: 1) reduction of the oxygen vacancy density by dielectric quality improvements, 2) removal of unwanted diffusion processes and 3) passivation of existing oxygen vacancies.

Solutions for EWF Roll-Off

Less oxygen vacancies for HfSiO (FIG. 22) or thinner HK (FIG. 23) reduces the EWF roll-off. PDA (post dielectric annealing) on Al₂O₃/HK improves dielectric quality resulting in EOT reduction without EWF decrease (FIG. 10). The same thermal budget on MG (PMA) results in increasing EWF (FIG. 11), but at an increase in IL thickness from TEM observation. MG is the major oxygen source for IL re-growth during annealing. Al in MG (FIG. 24) or multilayer MG (FIG. 25) could control the direction of the oxygen diffusion and therefore improve the EWF roll-off. By freezing the unwanted diffusion process, PMOS band edge EWF, 5.0 eV, at 1.3 nm EOT is achieved by laser annealing with full MG or by PDA with low thermal budget approach (FIG. 26). The EWF is further increased by 110 mV without any EOT increase at 0.9 nm (FIG. 27), by introducing low temperature (LT) O₂ annealing to repair oxygen vacancies which present after spike annealing. By following this guideline, PMOS V_(t) at 0.25V with EOT at nm is demonstrated (FIG. 28) The PDA is also critical to reach NBTI requirement for PMOS with EOT less than 1 nm (FIG. 29 and FIG. 30).

Low V_(t) CMOS Integration for EOT Less than 1 nm

By using a production worthy gate-first transistor flow, PMOS solutions could also be implemented to reach CMOS low V_(t) (±0.25V) at sub 1 nm EOT excellent I_(on) performance for 22 nm CMOS technology and beyond (FIGS. 31-32).

According to embodiments certain inventive aspects a high performance CMOS device is obtained with a threshold voltage lower than about 0.25 V, an effective oxide thickness (EOT) lower than about 1 nm and as such high mobility and good reliability.

It is an advantage of embodiments of certain inventive aspects that a dual work function semiconductor device may be manufactured using a simplified integration scheme and a minimum of process steps. It is a further advantage of certain embodiments that a dual work function semiconductor device may be manufactured down to 22 nanometre technology node or below.

It is an advantage of embodiments of certain inventive aspects that negative bias temperature instability (NBTI) reliability may be enhanced beyond 10 years lifetime.

The foregoing description details certain embodiments of certain inventive aspects. It will be appreciated, however, that no matter how detailed the foregoing appears in text, inventive aspects may be practiced in many ways. It should be noted that the use of particular terminology when describing certain features or aspects of the invention should not be taken to imply that the terminology is being re-defined herein to be restricted to including any specific characteristics of the features or aspects of the invention with which that terminology is associated.

While the above detailed description has shown, described, and pointed out novel features of the invention as applied to various embodiments, it will be understood that various omissions, substitutions, and changes in the form and details of the device or process illustrated may be made by those skilled in the technology without departing from the spirit of the invention. The scope of the invention is indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description. All changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope. 

1. A method of manufacturing a dual work function semiconductor device, the method comprising: defining at least a first region and a second region in a substrate, the first region being electrically isolated from the second region; forming a first transistor in the first region, the first transistor having a first effective work function, wherein forming the first transistor comprises: providing a first gate dielectric stack on the substrate, the first gate dielectric stack comprising a first gate dielectric layer and a first gate dielectric capping layer on and in contact with the first gate dielectric layer; performing a thermal treatment of the first gate dielectric stack so as to modify the first gate dielectric stack, the modified first gate dielectric stack defining the first effective work function; providing a first metal gate electrode layer on the modified first gate dielectric stack; patterning the first metal gate electrode layer and modified first gate dielectric stack; and after forming the first transistor, forming a second transistor in the second region having a second effective work function being different from the first effective work function.
 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the process of modifying the first gate dielectric stack comprises intermixing of the first gate dielectric layer and the first gate dielectric capping layer.
 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the process of performing a thermal treatment comprises performing an annealing process.
 4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the annealing process is performed at a temperature range between 800 degrees Celsius and 1300 degrees Celsius and during a time period in the range of 0.1 second to 30 seconds.
 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the process of performing a thermal treatment comprises performing a thermal treatment in a low oxygen ambient.
 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the process of providing a first gate dielectric capping layer comprises providing an aluminium-based dielectric.
 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the process of forming a second transistor comprises providing a second gate stack in the second region, the second gate stack comprising a second gate dielectric stack and a second metal gate electrode,
 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the process of providing a second gate dielectric stack comprises providing a second gate dielectric and a second gate dielectric capping layer.
 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the second gate dielectric layer comprises the same material as the first gate dielectric layer.
 10. The method according to claim 8, wherein the process of providing a second gate dielectric capping layer comprises providing a lanthanide-based dielectric.
 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first region is a PMOS region and the second region is an NMOS region, and wherein the first transistor is a PMOS transistor and the second transistor is an NMOS transistor.
 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein the process of providing a first gate dielectric stack comprises providing a Hf-containing gate dielectric layer and an Al-containing gate dielectric capping layer on and in contact with the Hf-containing gate dielectric layer.
 13. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first gate dielectric stack has an initial effective oxide thickness (EOTinit) and the modified first gate dielectric stack has a modified effective oxide thickness (EOTmod), wherein the difference between EOTmod and EOTinit is smaller than 30 percent.
 14. A dual work function semiconductor device made according to the method of claim
 1. 15. A dual work function semiconductor device comprising: a first transistor in a first region of a substrate, wherein the first transistor comprises a gate dielectric stack comprising an intermixed gate dielectric layer and gate dielectric capping layer, the gate dielectric stack defining the first effective work function of the first transistor, and a first metal gate electrode on the gate dielectric stack; and a second transistor in a second region of the substrate.
 16. The dual work function semiconductor device according to claim 15, wherein the semiconductor device is a CMOS device.
 17. The dual work function semiconductor device according to claim 16, wherein the first transistor is a PMOS transistor and the second transistor is an NMOS transistor.
 18. The dual work function semiconductor device according to claim 17, wherein the PMOS transistor comprising an intermixed Hf-containing gate dielectric layer and Al-containing gate dielectric capping layer and a metal gate electrode layer thereon.
 19. The dual work function semiconductor device according to claim 17, wherein the NMOS transistor comprising a Hf-containing gate dielectric layer and a La-containing gate dielectric capping layer and another metal gate electrode layer.
 20. The dual work function semiconductor device according to claim 18, wherein the NMOS transistor comprising a Hf-containing gate dielectric layer and a La-containing gate dielectric capping layer and another metal gate electrode layer. 